Qualitative Behaviour Assessment: quantifying the emotionally expressive qualities of animal behaviour

Qualitative Behaviour Assessment (QBA) is a method that asks human observers to describe and score the emotionally expressive qualities that animals show when they engage with their environment1. Animals can perform any given behaviour (e.g. walking or resting) in different expressive styles, presenting us with a dynamic body language that can, for example, be described as tense and anxious, or relaxed and joyful. Because it includes positive emotions QBA is a valuable method for assessing quality of life. It is, for example, the main indicator for ‘positive emotional state’ in various EU Welfare Quality® assessment protocols2.

Expressive grower pig

Background

Most scientific methods for animal welfare assessment focus on measuring detailed physical aspects of an animal’s health and behaviour, however QBA is designed to assess the dynamic whole animal as it engages with its environment. At this level of integration animals are primarily viewed as sentient, psychologically expressive beings, whose quality of movement reflects their quality of experience. By describing and quantifying such qualities QBA provides useful information, that, in combination with other health and welfare measures, can help us to more confidently assess an animal’s state of well-being3. One of QBA’s strengths is that it captures subtle shifts in demeanour that are difficult to measure otherwise. A transition from a relaxed/content to a more tense/lethargic expression, for example, often indicates the onset of illness4. By contrast a shift towards greater attentiveness and boisterousness in response to environmental enrichment signifies the animals’ enjoyment and a higher level of positive welfare5.

This is an interview with Professor Francoise Wemelsfelder (SRUC) on QBA, made for the open online course in animal behaviour and welfare by The University of Edinburgh. Francoise talks about the ideas underlying QBA, the scientific validation of QBA, and the role QBA can play in practical animal welfare assessment.

Goat kids running

QBA can be performed in different ways. A good way to involve stakeholders in a project is to invite them to select 15-20 QBA descriptors particularly suited to that project. Another, faster way is to provide participants with a ready-made ‘fixed list’ of descriptors based on existing scientific literature for a species. QBA term lists should balance positive and negative emotions (valence), and higher and lower energy levels (arousal). Scores based on these terms are analysed using multi-variate statistics, generating dimensional patterns of emotional expressivity. An extensive body of scientific publications shows that with appropriate training, QBA can be performed reliably and make a valuable contribution to scientific animal welfare assessment6.

References:

  1. Wemelsfelder, F. 2007. How animals communicate quality of life: the qualitative assessment of animal behaviour. Animal Welfare 16(S) 25-31. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0962728600031699
  2. Keeling, L, Evans, A, Forkman, B & Kjaernes, U. 2013. Welfare Quality® principles and criteria. in H Blokhuis, M Miele, I Veissier & B Jones (eds), Improving farm animal welfare: science and society working together: the Welfare Quality approach. Wageningen Academic Publishers, Holland, pp. 91-114. https://doi.org/10.3920/978-90-8686-770-7_5
  3. Wemelsfelder, F., Hunter, E.A., Mendl, M.T. and Lawrence, A.B. 2001. Assessing the ‘whole animal’: a Free-Choice-Profiling approach. Animal Behaviour 62, 209-220. https://doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1741
  4. De Boyer des Roches, A., Lussert, A., Faurea, M., Herry, V., Rainard, P., Duranda, D., Wemelsfelder, F., Foucras, G. 2018. Dairy cows under experimentally-induced Escherichia coli mastitis show negative emotional states assessed through Qualitative Behaviour Assessment. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 206, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.06.004
  5. Shaw, N., Wemelsfelder, F., Riley, L. 2022. Bark to the future: The welfare of domestic dogs during interaction with a positively reinforcing artificial agent. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 249, 105595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105595
  6. Fleming, P.A., Clarke, T., Wickham, S.L., Stockman, C.A., Barnes, L., Collins, T., and Miller, D.W. 2016. The contribution of qualitative behavioural assessment to appraisal of livestock welfare. Animal Production Science 56(10), 1569-1578. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN15101
  7. Cooper, R., Wemelsfelder, F. 2020. Qualitative Behaviour Assessment as an indicator of animal emotional welfare in farm assurance. Livestock 25 (4), 2-5. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2020.25.4.180

Project application

There is growing interest in the practical implementation of QBA as a tool for assessing emotional well-being in animals7. For example, the UK retailer Waitrose recently invited SRUC to collaborate in the roll-out of QBA across 12 Waitrose own-brand supply chains (see also Box 1).

Box 1: The QBA mobile application

SRUC (Scotland’s Rural College) is in the process of building a new QBA mobile application for Android and iOS. Development of the app is taking place in collaboration with Waitrose and Partners, and despite being at an early stage has won several awards.

Waitrose farming partnership logo Mobile phone with QBA app

 

 

 

Once publicly available, the app will be usable with any animal species in any context, including farm, laboratory, kenneled, zoo and wild animals. Users can create QBA descriptors that are specifically meaningful to their organisation and culture. The app will analyse scores on these descriptors and show the outcome in an easy-to-read chart for emotional wellbeing that compares an assessment to previous assessments of animals in a project.

The app offers enhanced statistical reliability thanks to the contribution of a built-in algorithm for data normalisation by statistical experts at Biomathematics and Statistics Scotland (BioSS).

The Project Team:

Prof. Francoise Wemelsfelder

Dr Lesley Jessiman

  • Scholar Link

Other links:

QBA Further Resources

This section is a work in progress. It provides a comprehensive collection of published refereed papers and book chapters that either use or discuss QBA. Some papers focus on QBA, others use it as part of larger welfare assessment studies or discuss it as part of wider reviews. To provide some structure, the bibliography is divided into subsections that focus on different animal species or themes like positive welfare or human-animal relationships. Papers can appear in more than one section.

Click on the section titles below to access reference lists.

Chen, X., Ogdahl, W., Hulsman Hanna, L.L., Dahlen, C.R., Riley, D.G., Wagner, S.A., Berg, E.P., Sun, X., 2021. Evaluation of beef cattle temperament by eye temperature using infrared thermography technology. Comput Electron Agric 188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106321

Cooke, A.S., Mullan, S., Morten, C., Hockenhull, J., Le Grice, P., Le Cocq, K., Lee, M.R.F., Cardenas, L.M., Rivero, M.J., 2023. Comparison of the welfare of beef cattle in housed and grazing systems: hormones, health, and behaviour. Journal of Agricultural Science. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859623000357

Cooke, A.S., Mullan, S.M., Morten, C., Hockenhull, J., Lee, M.R.F., Cardenas, L.M., Rivero, M.J., 2022. V-QBA vs. QBA—How Do Video and Live Analysis Compare for Qualitative Behaviour Assessment? Front Vet Sci 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2022.832239

Jorquera-Chavez, M., Fuentes, S., Dunshea, F.R., Jongman, E.C., Warner, R.D., 2019. Computer vision and remote sensing to assess physiological responses of cattle to pre-slaughter stress, and its impact on beef quality: A review. Meat Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.05.007

Kirchner, M.K., Schulze Westerath, H., Knierim, U., Tessitore, E., Cozzi, G., Winckler, C., 2014a. On-farm animal welfare assessment in beef bulls: Consistency over time of single measures and aggregated Welfare Quality® scores. Animal 8, 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113002267

Kirchner, M.K., Westerath, S.H., Knierim, U., Tessitore, E., Cozzi, G., Pfeiffer, C., Winckler, C., 2014b. Application of the Welfare Quality® assessment system on European beef bull farms. Animal 8, 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000366

Lawrence, P., McGee, M., Earley, B., 2022. Animal welfare index: an animal welfare evaluation of beef production farms in Ireland. J Appl Anim Res 50, 643–655. https://doi.org/10.1080/09712119.2022.2126478

Morales, A.M.T., Ceballos, M.C., Londoño, G.C., Cardona, C.A.C., Ramírez, J.F.N., da Costa, M.J.R.P., 2017. Welfare of cattle kept in intensive silvopastoral systems: A case report. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46, 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902017000600002

Morten, C., Cooke, A., Hockenhull, J., Cardenas, L., Jordana Rivero, M., 2021. 19. Comparison between qualitative behavioural assessment (QBA) on winter housed beef cattle scored by video and live. Animal – science proceedings 12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anscip.2021.03.020

Parham, J.T., Tanner, A.E., Wahlberg, M.L., Grandin, T., Lewis, R.M., 2019. Subjective methods to quantify temperament in beef cattle are insensitive to the number and biases of observers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 212, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.01.005

Racciatti, D.S., Bottegal, D.N., Aguilar, N.M., Menichelli, M.L., Soteras, T., Zimerman, M., Cancino, A.K., Marcoppido, G.A., Blanco-Penedo, I., Lloveras, J.P., Langman, L.E., 2022. Development of a welfare assessment protocol for practical application in Argentine feedlots. Appl Anim Behav Sci 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105662

Rocha Góis, K.C., Ceballos, M.C., Sant’Anna, A.C., da Costa, M.J.R.P., 2016. Using an observer rating method to assess the effects of rotational stocking method on beef cattle temperament over time. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 45, 501–508. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902016000900001

Sant’Anna, A.C., Paranhos da Costa, M.J.R., 2013. Validity and feasibility of qualitative behavior assessment for the evaluation of Nellore cattle temperament. Livest Sci 157, 254–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.08.004

Stockman, C.A., Collins, T., Barnes, A.L., Miller, D., Wickham, S.L., Beatty, D.T., Blache, D., Wemelsfelder, F., Fleming, P.A., 2013. Flooring and driving conditions during road transport influence the behavioural expression of cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 143, 18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.003

Stockman, C.A., Collins, T., Barnes, A.L., Miller, D., Wickham, S.L., Beatty, D.T., Blache, D., Wemelsfelder, F., Fleming, P.A., 2011. Qualitative behavioural assessment and quantitative physiological measurement of cattle naïve and habituated to road transport. Anim Prod Sci 51, 240–249. https://doi.org/10.1071/AN10122

Stockman, C.A., McGilchrist, P., Collins, T., Barnes, A.L., Miller, D., Wickham, S.L., Greenwood, P.L., Cafe, L.M., Blache, D., Wemelsfelder, F., Fleming, P.A., 2012. Qualitative Behavioural Assessment of Angus steers during pre-slaughter handling and relationship with temperament and physiological responses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 142, 125–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.10.016

Taylor, E., Dunston-Clarke, E., Brookes, D., Jongman, E., Linn, B., Barnes, A., Miller, D., Fisher, A., Collins, T., 2023. Developing a welfare assessment protocol for Australian lot-fed cattle. Frontiers in Animal Science 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1256670

Vindevoghel, T. V., Fleming, P.A., Hyndman, T.H., Musk, G.C., Laurence, M., Collins, T., 2019. Qualitative Behavioural Assessment of Bos indicus cattle after surgical castration. Appl Anim Behav Sci 211, 95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.11.004

Wigham, E.E., Butterworth, A., Wotton, S., 2018. Assessing cattle welfare at slaughter – Why is it important and what challenges are faced? Meat Sci. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2018.06.010

Andreasen, S.N., Wemelsfelder, F., Sandøe, P., Forkman, B., 2013. The correlation of Qualitative Behavior Assessments with Welfare Quality® protocol outcomes in on-farm welfare assessment of dairy cattle. Appl Anim Behav Sci 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.11.013

Bokkers, E.A.M., De Vries, M., Antonissen, I.C.M.A., De Boer, I.J.M., 2012. Inter- and intra-observer reliability of experienced and inexperienced observers for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment in dairy cattle. Animal Welfare 21. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.21.3.307

Ceballos, M.C., Góis, K.C.R., Sant’Anna, A.C., Wemelsfelder, F., Paranhos da Costa, M., 2021. Reliability of qualitative behavior assessment (QBA) versus methods with predefined behavioral categories to evaluate maternal protective behavior in dairy cows. Appl Anim Behav Sci 236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105263

de Boyer des Roches, A., Lussert, A., Faure, M., Herry, V., Rainard, P., Durand, D., Wemelsfelder, F., Foucras, G., 2018. Dairy cows under experimentally-induced Escherichia coli mastitis show negative emotional states assessed through Qualitative Behaviour Assessment. Appl Anim Behav Sci 206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.06.004

De Graaf, S., Ampe, B., Tuyttens, F.A.M., 2017. Assessing dairy cow welfare at the beginning and end of the indoor period using the Welfare Quality® protocol. Animal Welfare 26. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.26.2.213

De Rosa, G., Grasso, F., Winckler, C., Bilancione, A., Pacelli, C., Masucci, F., Napolitano, F., 2015. Application of the Welfare Quality protocol to dairy buffalo farms: Prevalence and reliability of selected measures. J Dairy Sci 98. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2015-9350

De Vries, M., Engel, B., Den Uijl, I., Van Schaik, G., T. Dijkstra, De Boer, I.J.M., Bokkers, E.A.M., 2013. Assessment time of the Welfare Quality® protocol for dairy cattle. Animal Welfare 22. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.1.085

dos Santos, S.G.C.G., Saraiva, E.P., de França Carvalho Fonsêca, V., Saraiva, C.A.S., Neto, S.G., da Silva Fidelis, S., de Amorim, M.L.C.M., dos Santos, J.D.C., 2020. Assessment of welfare indicators in grazing dairy cows in Northeast Brazil. Semina:Ciencias Agrarias 41. https://doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2020v41n6Supl2p3225

Ebinghaus, A., Ivemeyer, S., Knierim, U., 2018. Human and farm influences on dairy cows´ responsiveness towards humans – a cross-sectional study. PLoS One 13. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0209817

Ebinghaus, A., Ivemeyer, S., Lauks, V., Santos, L., Brügemann, K., König, S., Knierim, U., 2017. How to measure dairy cows’ responsiveness towards humans in breeding and welfare assessment? A comparison of selected behavioural measures and existing breeding traits. Appl Anim Behav Sci 196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.07.006

Ebinghaus, A., Ivemeyer, S., Rupp, J., Knierim, U., 2016. Identification and development of measures suitable as potential breeding traits regarding dairy cows’ reactivity towards humans. Appl Anim Behav Sci 185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.09.010

Ebinghaus, A., Knierim, U., Simantke, C., Palme, R., Ivemeyer, S., 2020. Fecal cortisol metabolites in dairy cows: A cross-sectional exploration of associations with animal, stockperson, and farm characteristics. Animals 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101787

Ebinghaus, A., Matull, K., Knierim, U., Ivemeyer, S., 2022. Associations between Dairy Herds’ Qualitative Behavior and Aspects of Herd Health, Stockperson and Farm Factors—A Cross-Sectional Exploration. Animals 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12020182

Gutmann, A.K., Schwed, B., Tremetsberger, L., Winckler, C., 2015. Intra-day variation of qualitative behaviour assessment outcomes in dairy cattle. Animal Welfare 24. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.3.319

Hulsman Hanna, L.L., Hieber, J.K., Yu, H., Celestino, E.F., Dahlen, C.R., Wagner, S.A., Riley, D.G., 2019. Blood collection has negligible impact on scoring temperament in Angus-based weaned calves. Livest Sci 230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2019.103835

Knierim, U., Winckler, C., 2009. On-farm welfare assessment in cattle: Validity, reliability and feasibility issues and future perspectives with special regard to the Welfare Quality® approach, in: Animal Welfare. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600000865

Papageorgiou, M., Simitzis, P.E., 2022. Positive Welfare Indicators in Dairy Animals. Dairy. https://doi.org/10.3390/dairy3040056

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Russell, A.L., Randall, L. V., Kaler, J., Eyre, N., Green, M.J., 2023. Use of qualitative behavioural assessment to investigate affective states of housed dairy cows under different environmental conditions. Front Vet Sci 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1099170

Schmitz, L., Ebinghaus, A., Ivemeyer, S., Domas, L., Knierim, U., 2020. Validity aspects of behavioural measures to assess cows’ responsiveness towards humans. Appl Anim Behav Sci 228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105011

Arena, L., Wemelsfelder, F., Messori, S., Ferri, N., Barnard, S., 2019. Development of a fixed list of terms for the qualitative behavioural assessment of shelter dogs. PLoS One 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212652

Arena, L., Wemelsfelder, F., Messori, S., Ferri, N., Barnard, S., 2017. Application of Free Choice Profiling to assess the emotional state of dogs housed in shelter environments. Appl Anim Behav Sci 195, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2017.06.005

Berteselli, G.V., Arena, L., Candeloro, L., Dalla Villa, P., De Massis, F., 2019. Interobserver agreement and sensitivity to climatic conditions in sheltered dogs’ welfare evaluation performed with welfare assessment protocol (Shelter Quality protocol). Journal of Veterinary Behavior 29, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.09.003

Csoltova, E., Mehinagic, E., 2020. Where Do We Stand in the Domestic Dog (Canis familiaris) Positive-Emotion Assessment: A State-of-the-Art Review and Future Directions. Front Psychol. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.02131

Cuglovici, D.A., 2023. What can associations between emotional states and management-based measures teach us about shelter dogs’ welfare? Journal of Veterinary Behavior 69–70, 32–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2023.11.001

de Winkel, T., van der Steen, S., Enders-Slegers, M.-J., Griffioen, R., Haverbeke, A., Groenewoud, D., Hediger, K., 2024. Observational Behaviors and Emotions to Assess Welfare of Dogs A Systematic Review. Journal of Veterinary Behavior. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2023.12.007

Demirbas, Y.S., Safak, E., Emre, B., Piskin, İ., Ozturk, H., Da Graça Pereira, G., 2017. Rehabilitation program for urban free–ranging dogs in a shelter environment can improve behavior and welfare. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 18, 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.11.004

Flint, H.E., Atkinson, M., Lush, J., Hunt, A.B.G., King, T., 2023. Long-Lasting Chews Elicit Positive Emotional States in Dogs during Short Periods of Social Isolation. Animals 13. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13040552

Flint, H.E., Hunt, A.B.G., Logan, D.W., King, T., 2024a. Daily dosing of cannabidiol (CBD) demonstrates a positive effect on measures of stress in dogs during repeated exposure to car travel. J Anim Sci 102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad414

Flint, H.E., Weller, J.E., Parry-Howells, N., Ellerby, Z.W., McKay, S.L., King, T., 2024b. Evaluation of indicators of acute emotional states in dogs. Sci Rep 14, 6406. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-56859-9

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Hecht, J., Miklósi, Á., Gácsi, M., 2012. Behavioral assessment and owner perceptions of behaviors associated with guilt in dogs. Appl Anim Behav Sci 139, 134–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.02.015

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Pedersen, H., Malm, K., 2023. Cross-disciplinary method development for assessing dog welfare in canine-assisted pedagogical work: a pilot study. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2023.2211205

Shaw, N., Wemelsfelder, F., Riley, L.M., 2022. Bark to the future: The welfare of domestic dogs during interaction with a positively reinforcing artificial agent. Appl Anim Behav Sci 249. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105595

Somppi, S., Törnqvist, H., Koskela, A., Vehkaoja, A., Tiira, K., Väätäjä, H., Surakka, V., Vainio, O., Kujala, M. V., 2022. Dog–Owner Relationship, Owner Interpretations and Dog Personality Are Connected with the Emotional Reactivity of Dogs. Animals 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12111338

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Travnik, I.C., MacHado, D.S., Sant’Anna, A.C., 2022. Do you see the same cat that I see? Inter- and intra-observer reliability for Qualitative Behaviour Assessment as temperament indicator in domestic cats. Animal Welfare 31. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.31.3.004

Travnik, I.C., Sant’Anna, A.C., 2021. Do you see the same cat that I see? Relationships between Qualitative Behaviour Assessment and indicators traditionally used to assess temperament in domestic cats. Animal Welfare 30. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.2.211

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Jarvis, S., Ellis, M.A., Turnbull, J.F., Rey Planellas, S., Wemelsfelder, F., 2021. Qualitative Behavioral Assessment in Juvenile Farmed Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar): Potential for On-Farm Welfare Assessment. Front Vet Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.702783

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Wemelsfelder, F., Nevison, I., Lawrence, A.B., 2009. The effect of perceived environmental background on qualitative assessments of pig behaviour. Anim Behav 78, 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2009.06.005

Zapata Cardona, J., Ceballos, M.C., Tarazona Morales, A.M., David Jaramillo, E., de Jesús Rodríguez, B., 2023. Spectro-temporal acoustic elements of music interact in an integrated way to modulate emotional responses in pigs. Sci Rep 13. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-30057-5

Zapata Cardona, J., Ceballos, M.C., Tarazona Morales, A.M., David Jaramillo, E., Rodríguez, B. de J., 2022. Music modulates emotional responses in growing pigs. Sci Rep 12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-07300-6

Bassler, A.W., Arnould, C., Butterworth, A., Colin, L., De Jong, I.C., Ferrante, V., Ferrari, P., Haslam, S., Wemelsfelder, F., Blokhuis, H.J., 2013. Potential risk factors associated with contact dermatitis, lameness, negative emotional state, and fear of humans in broiler chicken flocks. Poult Sci 92, 2811–2826. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03208

He, S., Lin, J., Jin, Q., Ma, X., Liu, Z., Chen, H., Ma, J., Zhang, H., Descovich, K., Phillips, C.J.C., Hartcher, K., Wu, Z., 2022. The Relationship between Animal Welfare and Farm Profitability in Cage and Free-Range Housing Systems for Laying Hens in China. Animals 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12162090

Muri, K., Stubsjøen, S.M., Vasdal, G., Moe, R.O., Granquist, E.G., 2019. Associations between qualitative behaviour assessments and measures of leg health, fear and mortality in Norwegian broiler chicken flocks. Appl Anim Behav Sci 211, 47–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.12.010

Papageorgiou, M., Goliomytis, M., Tzamaloukas, O., Miltiadou, D., Simitzis, P., 2023. Positive Welfare Indicators and Their Association with Sustainable Management Systems in Poultry. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410890

Rayner, A.C., Newberry, R.C., Vas, J., Mullan, S., 2020. Slow-growing broilers are healthier and express more behavioural indicators of positive welfare. Sci Rep 10. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72198-x

Sans, E.C.D.O., Tuyttens, F.A.M., Taconeli, C.A., Rueda, P.M., Ciocca, J.R., Molento, C.F.M., 2021. Welfare of broiler chickens reared in two different industrial house types during the winter season in Southern Brazil. Br Poult Sci 62. https://doi.org/10.1080/00071668.2021.1908519

Sans, E.C.O., Tuyttens, F.A.M., Taconeli, C.A., Rueda, P.M., Ciocca, J.R., Molento, C.F.M., 2021. Welfare of broiler chickens reared under two different types of housing. Animal Welfare 30. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.012

Souza, A., Wemelsfelder, F., Taconeli, C., Molento, C., 2021. Development of a list of terms in Brazilian Portuguese for the Qualitative Behaviour Assessment of broiler chickens. Animal Welfare 30, 49–59. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.1.049

Tiemann, I., Hillemacher, S., Wittmann, M., 2020. Are dual-purpose chickens twice as good? Measuring performance and animal welfare throughout the fattening period. Animals 10, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10111980

Vasdal, G., Muri, K., Stubsjøen, S.M., Moe, R.O., Kittelsen, K., 2022. Qualitative behaviour assessment as part of a welfare assessment in flocks of laying hens. Appl Anim Behav Sci 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105535

Malik, A., 2021. Pain in rabbits: a review for veterinary nurses, part one: assessment of pain. Veterinary Nursing Journal 36, 105–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17415349.2020.1871456

Nunamaker, E.A., Davis, S., O’malley, C.I., Turner, P. V., 2021. Developing recommendations for cumulative endpoints and lifetime use for research animals. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072031

Barbosa-Moyano, H., de Oliveira, C.A., 2023. Temperament traits and glucocorticoid metabolites in tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Appl Anim Behav Sci 260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105866

Baumgartner, K., Hüttner, T., Clegg, I.L.K., Hartmann, M.G., Garcia-Párraga, D., Manteca, X., Mercera, B., Monreal-Pawlowsky, T., Pilenga, C., Ternes, K., Tallo-Parra, O., Vaicekauskaite, R., Fersen, L. von, Yon, L., Delfour, F., 2024. Dolphin-WET—Development of a Welfare Evaluation Tool for Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) under Human Care. Animals 14, 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14050701

Campbell-Ward, M., 2023. Quality-of-Life Assessments in Zoo Animals: Not Just for the Aged and Charismatic. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13213394

Clegg, I.L.K., Rödel, H.G., Mercera, B., van der Heul, S., Schrijvers, T., de Laender, P., Gojceta, R., Zimmitti, M., Verhoeven, E., Burger, J., Bunskoek, P.E., Delfour, F., 2019. Dolphins’ willingness to participate (Wtp) in positive reinforcement training as a potential welfare indicator, where wtp predicts early changes in health status. Front Psychol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02112

Delfour, F., Monreal-Pawlowsky, T., Vaicekauskaite, R., Pilenga, C., Garcia-Parraga, D., Rödel, H.G., García Caro, N., Perlado Campos, E., Mercera, B., 2020a. Dolphin Welfare Assessment under Professional Care: ‘Willingness to Participate’, an Indicator Significantly Associated with Six Potential ‘Alerting Factors.’ Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg1010004

Delfour, F., Monreal-Pawlowsky, T., Vaicekauskaite, R., Pilenga, C., Garcia-Parraga, D., Rödel, H.G., García Caro, N., Perlado Campos, E., Mercera, B., 2020b. Dolphin Welfare Assessment under Professional Care: ‘Willingness to Participate’, an Indicator Significantly Associated with Six Potential ‘Alerting Factors.’ Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 1, 42–60. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg1010004

Dobrikj, E., Ilieski, V., Ilievska, K., Kjosevski, M., 2022. Using Species-Specific Protocols for the Welfare Assessment of Elephants in the Skopje Zoo. Maced Vet Rev 45. https://doi.org/10.2478/macvetrev-2022-0019

Erzinçlioğlu, T.S., Rutherford, K.M.D., 2024. Using qualitative behavior assessment to investigate the effect of tourist presence on the welfare in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in three tourism facilities in Thailand. Zoo Biol 43, 42–54. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21804

Erzinçlioğlu, T.S., Rutherford, K.M.D., 2023. Using qualitative behavior assessment to investigate the effect of tourist presence on the welfare in captive tigers (Panthera tigris) in three tourism facilities in Thailand. Zoo Biol. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21804

Gartland, K.N., Bovee, E., Fuller, G., 2023. Impact of alternating overnight housing conditions on welfare measures in a bachelor group of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Am J Primatol 85. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23443

Meira, J.E.S., Nogueira-Filho, S.L.G., Mendl, M., Lima, S.G.C., Fureix, C., Nogueira, S.S.C., 2023. Responses to environmental enrichment are associated with personality characteristics in chestnut-bellied seed finches (Sporophila angolensis). Behavioural Processes 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beproc.2022.104801

Nogueira, S.S.C., Nogueira-Filho, S.L.G., Duarte, J.M.B., Mendl, M., 2021. Temperament, plasticity, and emotions in defensive behaviour of paca (Mammalia, hystricognatha). Animals 11, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020293

Patel, Freisha, Wemelsfelder, F., Ward, S.J., 2019. Using qualitative behaviour assessment to investigate human-animal relationships in zoo-housed giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis). Animals 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9060381

Patel, F., Whitehouse-Tedd, K., Ward, S.J., 2019. Redefining human-animal relationships: An evaluation of methods to allow their empirical measurement in zoos. Animal Welfare 28. https://doi.org/10.7120/109627286.28.3.247

Paulino, R., Nogueira-Filho, S.L.G., Nogueira, S.S. da C., 2018. The role of individual behavioral distinctiveness in exploratory and anti-predatory behaviors of red-browed Amazon parrot (Amazona rhodocorytha) during pre-release training. Appl Anim Behav Sci 205, 107–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2018.05.023

Pollastri, I., Normando, S., Contiero, B., Vogt, G., Gelli, D., Sergi, V., Stagni, E., Hensman, S., Mercugliano, E., de Mori, B., 2021a. Emotional states of african elephants (Loxodonta africana) kept for animal–visitor interactions, as perceived by people differing in age and knowledge of the species. Animals 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030826

Pollastri, I., Normando, S., Contiero, B., Vogt, G., Gelli, D., Sergi, V., Stagni, E., Hensman, S., Mercugliano, E., de Mori, B., 2021b. Emotional states of african elephants (Loxodonta africana) kept for animal–visitor interactions, as perceived by people differing in age and knowledge of the species. Animals 11, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11030826

Rose, P., 2023. Identifying Essential Elements of Good Giraffe Welfare—Can We Use Knowledge of a Species’ Fundamental Needs to Develop Welfare-Focussed Husbandry? Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4030039

Rose, P., Riley, L., 2019. The use of Qualitative Behavioural Assessment in zoo welfare measurement and animal husbandry change. J Zoo Aquar Res 7, 150-161. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v7i4.423

Rose, P.E., Riley, L.M., 2021. Conducting Behavioural Research in the Zoo: A Guide to Ten Important Methods, Concepts and Theories. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 2, 421–444. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg2030031

Serres, A., Wang, C., Hao, Y., Lin, J., Wang, D., 2024. Reliability of caretakers’ ratings of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) and finless porpoises’ (Neophocaena asiaeorientalis sp.) behavioral style for welfare monitoring. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science 27, 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2022.2141575

Skovlund, C.R., Kirchner, M.K., Contiero, B., Ellegaard, S., Manteca, X., Stelvig, M., Tallo-Parra, O., Forkman, B., 2023a. Qualitative Behaviour Assessment for zoo-housed polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Intra- and inter-day consistency and association to other indicators of welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105942

Skovlund, C.R., Kirchner, M.K., Contiero, B., Ellegaard, S., Manteca, X., Stelvig, M., Tallo-Parra, O., Forkman, B., 2023b. Qualitative Behaviour Assessment for zoo-housed polar bears (Ursus maritimus): Intra- and inter-day consistency and association to other indicators of welfare. Appl Anim Behav Sci 263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105942

Stagni, E., Brscic, M., Contiero, B., Kirchner, M., Sequeira, S., Hartmann, S., 2022. Development of a fixed list of terms for qualitative behavioural assessment of brown bear (Ursus arctos) in Sanctuaries. Appl Anim Behav Sci 246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105523

Tallo-Parra, O., Salas, M., Manteca, X., 2023. Zoo Animal Welfare Assessment: Where Do We Stand? Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani13121966

Warner, E., Brando, S., Wemelsfelder, F., n.d. Recognising emotional expressions in captive bottlenose dolphins: Can lay observers agree using qualitative behavioural assessment? Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 10, 2022. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v10i3.601

Webb, J.L., Crawley, J.A.H., Seltmann, M.W., Liehrmann, O., Hemmings, N., Nyein, U.K., Aung, H.H., Htut, W., Lummaa, V., Lahdenperä, M., 2020. Evaluating the reliability of non-specialist observers in the behavioural assessment of semi-captive asian elephant welfare. Animals 10. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010167

Whitham, J.C., Wielebnowski, N., 2009. Animal-Based welfare monitoring: Using keeper ratings as an assessment tool. Zoo Biol 28, 545–560. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.20281

Whittaker, A.L., Golder-Dewar, B., Triggs, J.L., Sherwen, S.L., McLelland, D.J., 2021. Identification of animal-based welfare indicators in captive reptiles: A delphi consultation survey. Animals 11. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072010

Yon, L., Williams, E., Harvey, N.D., Asher, L., 2019. Development of a behavioural welfare assessment tool for routine use with captive elephants. PLoS One 14. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210783

These studies have animal welfare assessment protocols such as Welfare Quality and AWIN that include QBA as a measure of positive emotional state.

Battini, M., Renna, M., Giammarino, M., Battaglini, L., Mattiello, S., 2021. Feasibility and Reliability of the AWIN Welfare Assessment Protocol for Dairy Goats in Semi-extensive Farming Conditions. Front Vet Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.731927

Battini, M., Stilwell, G., Vieira, A., Barbieri, S., Canali, E., Mattiello, S., 2015. On-farm welfare assessment protocol for adult dairy goats in intensive production systems. Animals 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani5040393

Bodas, R., García-García, J.J., Montañés, M., Benito, A., Peric, T., Baratta, M., Viola, I., Geß, A., Ko, N., Cadavez, V., Gonzales-Barron, Ú., Domínguez, E., Olmedo, S., 2021. On farm welfare assessment of European fattening lambs. Small Ruminant Research 204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106533

Carroll, G.A., Boyle, L.A., Hanlon, A., Palmer, M.A., Collins, L., Griffin, K., Armstrong, D., O’Connell, N.E., 2018. Identifying physiological measures of lifetime welfare status in pigs: Exploring the usefulness of haptoglobin, C- reactive protein and hair cortisol sampled at the time of slaughter. Ir Vet J 71. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-018-0118-0

Czycholl, I., Büttner, K., Klingbeil, P., Krieter, J., 2021. Evaluation of consistency over time of the use of the Animal Welfare Indicators protocol for horses. Animal Welfare 30. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.1.081

Czycholl, I., Grosse Beilage, E., Henning, C., Krieter, J., 2017. Reliability of the qualitative behavior assessment as included in the welfare quality assessment protocol for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 95. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2017.1525

Czycholl, I., Klingbeil, P., Krieter, J., 2019. Interobserver Reliability of the Animal Welfare Indicators Welfare Assessment Protocol for Horses. J Equine Vet Sci 75, 112–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2019.02.005

Czycholl, I., Kniese, C., Büttner, K., Beilage, E. grosse, Schrader, L., Krieter, J., 2016a. Interobserver reliability of the ‘Welfare Quality® Animal Welfare Assessment Protocol for Growing Pigs.’ Springerplus 5. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40064-016-2785-1

Czycholl, I., Kniese, C., Büttner, K., Grosse Beilage, E., Schrader, L., Krieter, J., 2016b. Test-retest reliability of the Welfare Quality® animal welfare assessment protocol for Growing Pigs. Animal Welfare 25, 447–459. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.25.4.447

De Vries, M., Engel, B., Den Uijl, I., Van Schaik, G., T. Dijkstra, De Boer, I.J.M., Bokkers, E.A.M., 2013. Assessment time of the Welfare Quality® protocol for dairy cattle. Animal Welfare 22, 85–93. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.1.085

Federici, J.F., Vanderhasselt, R., Sans, E.C.O., Tuyttens, F.A.M., Souza, A.P.O., Molento, C.F.M., 2016. Assessment of broiler chicken welfare in Southern Brazil. Revista Brasileira de Ciencia Avicola / Brazilian Journal of Poultry Science 18, 133–140. https://doi.org/10.1590/18069061-2015-0022

Fleming, P.A., Wickham, S.L., Dunston-Clarke, E.J., Willis, R.S., Barnes, A.L., Miller, D.W., Collins, T., 2020. Review of livestock welfare indicators relevant for the Australian live export industry. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071236

Friedrich, L., Krieter, J., Kemper, N., Czycholl, I., 2021. Application of Principal Component Analysis of Sows’ Behavioral Indicators of the Welfare Quality® Protocol to Determine Main Components of Behavior. Frontiers in Animal Science 2. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.728608

Friedrich, L., Krieter, J., Kemper, N., Czycholl, I., 2020. Interobserver reliability of measures of the Welfare Quality® animal welfare assessment protocol for sows and piglets. Animal Welfare 29. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.29.3.323

Friedrich, L., Krieter, J., Kemper, N., Czycholl, I., 2019. Test−retest reliability of the ‘welfare quality® animal welfare assessment protocol for sows and piglets’. Part 1. assessment of the welfare principle of ‘appropriate behavior.’ Animals 9. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9070398

Heath, C.A.E., Browne, W.J., Mullan, S., Main, D.C.J., 2014. Navigating the iceberg: Reducing the number of parameters within the Welfare Quality® assessment protocol for dairy cows. Animal 8, 1978–1986. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114002018

Hernandez, A., Berg, C., Westin, R., Galina, C., 2018. Seasonal differences in animal welfare assessment of family farming dual-purpose cattle raised under tropical conditions. Animals 8. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani8070125

Kirchner, M.K., Schulze Westerath, H., Knierim, U., Tessitore, E., Cozzi, G., Winckler, C., 2014a. On-farm animal welfare assessment in beef bulls: Consistency over time of single measures and aggregated Welfare Quality® scores. Animal 8, 461–469. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113002267

Kirchner, M.K., Westerath, S.H., Knierim, U., Tessitore, E., Cozzi, G., Pfeiffer, C., Winckler, C., 2014b. Application of the Welfare Quality® assessment system on European beef bull farms. Animal 8, 827–835. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000366

Knierim, U., Winckler, C., 2009. On-farm welfare assessment in cattle: Validity, reliability and feasibility issues and future perspectives with special regard to the Welfare Quality® approach, in: Animal Welfare. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600000865

Morales, A.M.T., Ceballos, M.C., Londoño, G.C., Cardona, C.A.C., Ramírez, J.F.N., da Costa, M.J.R.P., 2017. Welfare of cattle kept in intensive silvopastoral systems: A case report. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 46, 478–488. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1806-92902017000600002

Munsterhjelm, C., Heinonen, M., Valros, A., 2015. Application of the Welfare Quality® animal welfare assessment system in Finnish pig production, part I: Identification of principal components. Animal Welfare 24. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.24.2.151

Muri, K., Stubsjøen, S.M., Valle, P.S., 2013. Development and testing of an on-farm welfare assessment protocol for dairy goats. Animal Welfare 22, 385–400. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.22.3.385

Parham, J.T., Tanner, A.E., Wahlberg, M.L., Grandin, T., Lewis, R.M., 2019. Subjective methods to quantify temperament in beef cattle are insensitive to the number and biases of observers. Appl Anim Behav Sci 212, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2019.01.005

Popescu, S., Lazar, E.A., Borda, C., Blaga Petrean, A., Mitrănescu, E., 2022. Changes in Management, Welfare, Emotional State, and Human-Related Docility in Stallions. Animals 12. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12212981

Racciatti, D.S., Bottegal, D.N., Aguilar, N.M., Menichelli, M.L., Soteras, T., Zimerman, M., Cancino, A.K., Marcoppido, G.A., Blanco-Penedo, I., Lloveras, J.P., Langman, L.E., 2022. Development of a welfare assessment protocol for practical application in Argentine feedlots. Appl Anim Behav Sci 253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105662

Renggaman, A., Choi, H.L., Sudiarto, S.I., Alasaarela, L., Nam, O.S., 2015. Development of pig welfare assessment protocol integrating animal-, environment-, and management-based measures. J Anim Sci Technol 57. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40781-014-0034-0

Ruet, A., Arnould, C., Lemarchand, J., Parias, C., Mach, N., Moisan, M.P., Foury, A., Briant, C., Lansade, L., 2022. Horse welfare:A joint assessment of four categories of behavioural indicators using the AWIN protocol, scan sampling and surveys. Animal Welfare 31, 455–466. https://doi.org/10.7120/09627286.31.3.008

Taylor, E., Dunston-Clarke, E., Brookes, D., Jongman, E., Linn, B., Barnes, A., Miller, D., Fisher, A., Collins, T., 2023. Developing a welfare assessment protocol for Australian lot-fed cattle. Frontiers in Animal Science 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2023.1256670

Temple, D., Dalmau, A., Ruiz de la Torre, J.L., Manteca, X., Velarde, A., 2011a. Application of the Welfare Quality® protocol to assess growing pigs kept under intensive conditions in Spain. Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research 6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2010.10.003

Temple, D., Manteca, X., Dalmau, A., Velarde, A., 2013. Assessment of test-retest reliability of animal-based measures on growing pig farms. Livest Sci 151, 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.10.012

Temple, D., Manteca, X., Velarde, A., Dalmau, A., 2011b. Assessment of animal welfare through behavioural parameters in Iberian pigs in intensive and extensive conditions. Appl Anim Behav Sci 131, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2011.01.013

Vitali, M., Santacroce, E., Correa, F., Salvarani, C., Maramotti, F.P., Padalino, B., Trevisi, P., 2020. On-farm welfare assessment protocol for suckling piglets: A pilot study. Animals 10, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10061016

Young, T., Creighton, E., Smith, T., Hosie, C., 2012. A novel scale of behavioural indicators of stress for use with domestic horses. Appl Anim Behav Sci 140, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.05.008

Artemiou, E., Hutchison, P., Machado, M., Ellis, D., Bradtke, J., Pereira, M.M., Carter, J., Bergfelt, D., 2021. Impact of Human–Animal Interactions on Psychological and Physiological Factors Associated With Veterinary School Students and Donkeys. Front Vet Sci 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.701302

Patel, F., Whitehouse-Tedd, K., Ward, S.J., 2019. Redefining human-animal relationships: An evaluation of methods to allow their empirical measurement in zoos. Animal Welfare 28. https://doi.org/10.7120/109627286.28.3.247

Rault, J.L., Waiblinger, S., Boivin, X., Hemsworth, P., 2020. The Power of a Positive Human–Animal Relationship for Animal Welfare. Front Vet Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.590867

Schmitz, L., Ebinghaus, A., Ivemeyer, S., Domas, L., Knierim, U., 2020. Validity aspects of behavioural measures to assess cows’ responsiveness towards humans. Appl Anim Behav Sci 228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105011

Serrapica, M., Boivin, X., Coulon, M., Braghieri, A., Napolitano, F., 2017. Positive perception of human stroking by lambs: Qualitative behaviour assessment confirms previous interpretation of quantitative data. Appl Anim Behav Sci 187, 31–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2016.11.007

Boissy, A., Manteuffel, G., Jensen, M.B., Moe, R.O., Spruijt, B., Keeling, L.J., Winckler, C., Forkman, B., Dimitrov, I., Langbein, J., Bakken, M., Veissier, I., Aubert, A., 2007. Assessment of positive emotions in animals to improve their welfare. Physiol Behav. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.02.003

Keeling, L.J., Winckler, C., Hintze, S., Forkman, B., 2021. Towards a Positive Welfare Protocol for Cattle: A Critical Review of Indicators and Suggestion of How We Might Proceed. Frontiers in Animal Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2021.753080

Lawrence, A.B., Vigors, B., Sandøe, P., 2019. What is so positive about positive animal welfare?—A critical review of the literature. Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100783

Mattiello, S., Battini, M., De Rosa, G., Napolitano, F., Dwyer, C., 2019. How can we assess positive welfare in ruminants? Animals. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9100758

Napolitano, F., Knierim, U., Grasso, F., de Rosa, G., 2009. Positive indicators of cattle welfare and their applicability to on-farm protocols. Ital J Anim Sci. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.355

Papageorgiou, M., Goliomytis, M., Tzamaloukas, O., Miltiadou, D., Simitzis, P., 2023. Positive Welfare Indicators and Their Association with Sustainable Management Systems in Poultry. Sustainability (Switzerland). https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410890

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